.jpg)
.jpg)
Marcus Garvey (1887 - 1940)
In the 21st century, Garveyism has come to symbolize the unification of African descended people worldwide. The person most responsible for this movement was Marcus Garvey, the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), one of the largest Pan-Africanist movements in human history. Marcus Mosiah Garvey was born on August 17, 1887 in Saint Anne's, Jamaica. His involvement as a teenager in trade unions laid the groundwork for the eventual establishment of the UNIA. In 1914, Garvey established the UNIA in Jamaica. Two years later, Garvey emigrated to the United States and set up a second branch of the organization in Harlem, New York. Garvey’s vision for the organization involved assembling a coalition of African descended people to combat racism and colonialism.
The UNIA’s membership was global with branches on four continents. The components of the organization became the model for Black nationalist organizations in the twentieth century. The UNIA promoted Black pride and political and economic empowerment for African descended people regardless of gender. The organization’s components included the African Legion, a Black military organization and provisional army; Black Cross Nurses, a health and human welfare organization administered by trained Black women medical personnel; The Black Star Line, a shipping and freight company devoted to the transport of goods and international commerce; and the Negro Factories Corporation, a sophisticated factory and warehousing operation. Black women played a significant role in all aspects of the organization. Garvey’s Black Star Line was cofounded and directed by his first wife, Amy Ashwood. Ashwood also helped to establish The Negro World, the official organ of the UNIA. Amy Jacques Garvey, his second wife was the editor of the Negro Worldand she edited and published The Philosophies and Opinions of Marcus Garvey. Socially and culturally, Garveyism encouraged Black people to dismiss European standards of beauty and embrace their African features. Garvey encouraged his followers to dismiss skin lightening agents and hair straighteners; he urged them to "take the kinks out of your mind, instead of out of your hair…” Garvey's concepts of Black pride and social and political empowerment made his movement increasingly popular in the early twentieth century and beyond.
Marcus Garvey: An Enduring Pan-African Legacy-Ke'Shunta Drake (historianspeaks.org)
Bio https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey
Images https://tinyurl.com/yx46srx3
Grave site https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7151131/marcus-mosiah-garvey
His voice 1916 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbQrcHd4xwE 1921 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdvC6gJ2njA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=811LSjhE_pU
UCLA archive of Garvey's voice https://www.international.ucla.edu/asc/mgpp/audio
Book: Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey https://archive.org/details/philosophyopinio0000garv
Amy Garvey voice https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=234923031217044
Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpsKWGIZIhw
Film: In Search of Marcus Garvey (1981) https://blackfilmarchive.com/In-Search-of-Marcus-Garvey
Burning Spear song https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGN3R49-CAE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHbvg8xhJkk
Robert Hill (Speech at Jamaica National Library, 2007) Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LibIFOdqe8 Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8QeNQNW28A Part 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igPsV97MdBo Part 4" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBzey5svnCo Part 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYXz6nPkIHo
W.E.B. DuBois on Garvey (Crisis Magazine, 1920) https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/civil-rights/crisis/1200-crisis-v21n02-w122.pdf
John Henrik Clarke https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uE0r_kTMnQ
More songs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFLvsyT10QI&t=63s
UNIA (founded 1914)
History https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League
Images https://tinyurl.com/mkrnda4z
PBS https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/garvey-unia/
Current website https://theunia-acl.com/